International Marketing models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Marketing models - Essay Example The three models can however not be applied independently. There is an overlap in their application with the business organizations currently leaning towards the polycentric model. International Business Part One Legal Issues Relating To Global Commerce International business involves trading within and without national boundaries. The fact that business spreads across different jurisdictions gives rise to legal issues especially because many times the laws across countries are not the same. There is therefore, the need to harmonize the laws. Some of the legal considerations in international trade include the following: Tariffs (Customs) and Quotas A tariff is a tax imposed on imports and exports within a jurisdiction. The amounts of tariffs charged by the government in-charge determine whether the investors would be able to invest in a particular jurisdiction or not. Many jurisdictions use the tariff rates as the bait to either attract or chase away investors. Charging high rates wo uld effectively discourage investment (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Quotas refer to the restriction of quantities to be imported or exported in a particular jurisdiction. Governments impose maximum limits of imports to protect their domestic industry mainly from inflation caused by unfavorable balance of trade. The governments may impose exports to caution the country from scarcity of commodities which would shoot demand high and consequently occasion inflation within the economies. The use of tariffs and quotas affect businesses as they have to toil within the agenda of a particular jurisdiction (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Antidumping and Transfer Pricing Laws Antidumping refers to rules against dumping. Dumping essentially refers to a situation where multinationals import goods of lesser quality and value into foreign jurisdictions. Governments have come out strongly against dumping as it defeats the ideals of trade and erodes the standards by perpetuating mediocrity ( Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Transfer pricing is a concept of taxation that concerns multinationals. Owing to the different taxation rates by different jurisdictions, multinationals exploit transfer pricing so as to tax their products within the lower taxation rates jurisdictions. Governments have come up with laws to prevent cases of tax avoidance and evasion under the guise of transfer pricing. Intellectual Property Rights International business recognizes intellectual property rights although the rights are granted within individual jurisdictions. These include copyrights, patents and trade secrets. Governments have been considerate enough to provide laws to enable innovators enjoy the fruits of their work through the intellectual property rights (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2010). Sources and Forms of Political Risks Political risks refer to the effects the politics of the day in a particular jurisdiction has on the businesses within that jurisdiction. Political risks could be caused by the government, the people or the activities of competitors and non-governmental organizations. Governments mainly expropriate or nationalize companies in effect taking over the share ownership of the companies. The people may be at war creating un-conducive environments detrimental for business. Activists in the guise of protection of the environment or societal interests may render the business working environment

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design Essay

Electrophysiology Instramentation and Design - Essay Example Introduction Many human body organs manifest their body movements through electric activities (Greddes & Baker, 1989). A good example is the heart which produces an electric signal, called an electrocardiogram. In the brain, there is a signal produced called the electroencephalogram (EEG). Eyes produce an electro-oculogram. When these and more other body electrical signals are measured, it becomes possible to measure the pathological functions of the organs (Bonow & Mann 2011). In this paper, there will be an explanation of the state of the art systems and the particular performance motivations that have led to the electrophysiological measurements, their principles of operation, and how they are practically implemented. The article will also look at the role played by engineering in collaboration with synthetic biology and the fundamental essence of automation in the technology. The paper will then be followed by a fundamental look of the recent commercial systems in comparison to t he systems used for research and development. Background: Measurement context and problems The electrophysiological measurements or the bio potentials originate from the electric activities taking place at the cellular levels. ... The separations take place inside and outside the cell. Due to this difference, there is production of a resting potential. There are cells that can be excited resulting to an action potential that can lead to speedy movement of ions across the cell membranes responding to the stimulation of the electricity in the cell’s electric gradient. When the cells are electrically excited, they produce current in the surrounding conducting areas which then manifests itself as the body’s potential. There are various bio potentials in human organs (Stober 1986). Physical Background and measurements context The electrophysiological measurements are made feasible through the use of the right materials in design. The designs of the amplifiers should be perfect for acquiring of best quality measurements. Other quality determinant factors are using good electrodes, properly applying them on the patient and good clinical practices. There are various electrodes that can be used for electr ophysiological measurements. Some of the distinguishing features in the electrodes are security, good conduction, less susceptibility to lesser junction potential substances. In order to have a very good contact between the skin and the electrode, an electrode gel is used. When the gels are highly conductive, there is reduction of resistance as well as the junction potential. One of the limitations of using these gels is being that they are causative agents for allergies. Another limitation is the movement of the skin against the electrode, something that causes artefact. Such movements produce motion artifact due to the changing electrode junction to the skin potential. This effect is however reduced through the reduction of movements on unnecessary